Fatores correlacionados a Síndrome de Burnout entre acadêmicos: estudo transversal / Factors correlated with Burnout Syndrome among academic students: cross-sectional study / Factores correlacionados con el Síndrome de Burnout en estudiantes académicos: estudio transversal

Apesar de predominante no ambiente de trabalho, a Síndrome de Burnout (SB) torna-se cada vez mais frequente no ambiente universitário. Com objetivo de verificar a prevalência da SB entre acadêmicos e correlacionar essa variável com aspectos sociodemográficos e de saúde, esse estudo transversal foi conduzido com uma amostra composta por 72 participantes. O protocolo de avaliação foi composto por um questionário sociodemográfico, avaliação da Síndrome de Burnout, de sintomas depressivos, saúde geral, aspectos sociais e sintomas osteomusculares. A correlação de Spearman foi utilizada para análise estatística. Houve predomínio da SB entre a amostra (65,2%). Observou-se correlações significativas entre aspectos sociais e descrença (p=0.016; r=-0.283), eficácia estudantil (p=<0.001; r=-0.399) e sintomas depressivos (p=<0.001; r=-0.547), bem como entre a saúde geral e sintomas depressivos (p=0.012; r=-0.295). Estabelecer esse tipo de medida permite planejar ações voltadas à assistência estudantil, priorizando intervenções e práticas preventivas que colaborem com a promoção da saúde no ambiente universitário.

Despite being predominant in the workplace, Burnout Syndrome (BS) is becoming more and more frequent in the university environment. With the objective of verifying the prevalence of BS among students and correlating this variable with sociodemographic and health aspects, this cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 72 participants. The evaluation protocol consisted of a sociodemographic questionnaire, evaluation of Burnout Syndrome, depressive symptoms, general health, social aspects, and musculoskeletal symptoms. Spearman's correlation was used for statistical analysis. There was a predominance of BS among the sample (65.2%). Significant correlations were observed between social aspects and disbelief (p=0.016; r=-0.283), student efficacy (p=<0.001; r=-0.399) and depressive symptoms (p=<0.001; r=-0.547), as well as between general health and depressive symptoms (p=0.012; r=-0.295). Establishing this type of measure allows planning actions aimed at student assistance, prioritizing interventions and preventive practices that collaborate with health promotion in the university environment.

A pesar de ser prevalente en el ámbito laboral, el Síndrome de Burnout (SB) es cada vez más frecuente en el ámbito universitario. Con el objetivo de verificar la prevalencia de SB entre los estudiantes y correlacionar esta variable con aspectos sociodemográficos y de salud, este estudio transversal se realizó con una muestra de 72 participantes. El protocolo de evaluación consistió en un cuestionario sociodemográfico, evaluación del Síndrome de Burnout, síntomas depresivos, salud general, aspectos sociales y síntomas musculoesqueléticos. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó la correlación de Spearman. Hubo predominio de SB en la muestra (65,2%). Se observaron correlaciones significativas entre los aspectos sociales y la incredulidad (p=0.016; r=-0.283), la eficacia acadêmica (p=<0.001; r=-0.399) y síntomas depresivos (p=<0.001; r=-0.547), así como entre la salud general y los síntomas depresivos (p=0.012; r=-0.295). Establecer este tipo de medidas permite planificar acciones dirigidas a la asistencia estudiantil, priorizar intervenciones y prácticas que colaboren con la promoción de la salud en el ámbito universitario.

Ego-defense mechanisms and brief psychotherapies for the management of major depressive disorder in adults: A longitudinal and quasi-experimental study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of psychotherapies on ego defense mechanisms and the reduction of depressive symptoms in a 12-month follow-up period. METHODS: This longitudinal and quasi-experimental study nested within a randomized clinical trial included a clinical sample of adults (18-60 years) diagnosed with major depressive disorder using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview. Two models of psychotherapy were used: Supportive Expressive Dynamic Psychotherapy (SEDP) and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Defense Style Questionnaire 40 was used to analyze defense mechanisms and the Beck Depression Inventory was used to measure the depressive symptoms. RESULTS: The total sample comprised 195 patients (113 SEDP and 82 CBT), with the mean age was 35.63 (11.44) years. After adjustments, increased mature defenses was significantly associated with reduced depressive symptoms at all follow-up times (p < 0.001) and the decrease in immature defenses was significantly associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms at all follow-up times (p < 0.001). While neurotic defenses were not associated with a reduction in depressive symptoms at any time of follow-up (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both models of psychotherapy were effective in increasing mature defenses and decreasing immature ones, as well as decreasing depressive symptoms at all evaluation times. With this, it is understood that a greater understanding of these interactions will allow a more adequate diagnostic and prognostic evaluation and the design of useful strategies that adapt to the patient's reality.

A comparative study on the leishmanicidal activity of the L-amino acid oxidases BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II isolated from Brazilian Bothrops snake venoms.

This study aims to examine whether two L-amino acid oxidases isolated from Bothrops snake venom (SV-LAAOs) were cytotoxic to Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, two causative agents of leishmaniasis, which is an endemic disease in tropical and subtropical countries. The SV-LAAOs BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II were isolated from Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni venom, respectively, through a three-step chromatography process that used molecular exclusion, hydrophobic interaction, and affinity columns. BmooLAAO-II is a new SV-LAAO isoform that we isolated in this study. The purified BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II had high L-amino acid oxidase-specific activity: 3481.17 and 4924.77 U/mg/min, respectively. Both SV-LAAOs were strongly cytotoxic to the two Leishmania species, even at low concentrations. At the same concentration, BjussuLAAO-II and BmooLAAO-II exerted different cytotoxic effects on the parasites. We reported for the first time that the SV-LAAOs suppressed cell proliferation and altered the mitochondrial membrane potential of the two Leishmania species. Surprisingly, BjussuLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (L.) amazonensis, while BmooLAAO-II increased the intracellular reactive oxygen species production only in L. (V.) braziliensis, indicating that these SV-LAAOs had a certain specificity of action.

Relatório de pesquisa: registro do processo de enfermagem e percepção das(os) enfermeiras(os) sobre sua prática no atendimento às pessoas com tuberculose / Research report: record of the nursing process and nurses' perception of their practice in caring for people with tuberculosis

A consulta de enfermagem (CE) é considerada como atividade privativa do enfermeiro e sua realização permite o desenvolvimento do Processo de Enfermagem (PE) que compreende cinco etapas: investigação ou coleta de dados, diagnóstico de enfermagem, planejamento, implementação e avaliação do cuidado. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os registros do PE nas consultas de acompanhamento às pessoas com tuberculose (TB), realizadas por enfermeiros de unidades básicas de saúde da Gerência de Saúde Comunitária (GSC), no ano de 2017 e identificar a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre sua prática no cuidado a estes usuários. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo realizado por meio da coleta de informações nos registros da CE em prontuários e da análise das informações das(os) enfermeiras(os) sobre a percepção a forma que realizam o cuidado às pessoas com TB. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que o PE não tem sido executado em sua totalidade, justificado muitas vezes pela sobrecarga de trabalho dos profissionais, falta de familiarização e prática com o processo, questões estruturais das unidades, pouca motivação e desvalorização do profissional enfermeiro. Os caminhos apontados pelos profissionais do estudo incluem: investimentos em educação permanente e acompanhamento da prática em serviço para ampliar a qualificação da assistência o que pode contribuir com o vínculo profissional-usuário, favorecer a adesão do usuário ao tratamento e consequentemente, reduzir os casos de TB dos territórios. (AU)

Effects of Spiritist "passe" (Spiritual healing) on stress hormone, pain, physiological parameters and length of stay in preterm newborns: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial.

Background Among the practices of complementary medicine used to treat several diseases is the Spiritist "passe (SP)." Experimental studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this energy therapies in reducing anxiety in adults. However, studies evaluating the effects of the "passe" energy therapy on health outcomes in newborns (NBs) are lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SP on stress hormone levels, pain, physiological parameters and length of stay in NBs. Methods NBs were randomly allocated into two groups: intervention (3 days SP sessions, n=13) and control (3 days sham sessions, n=12). Results In the SP group, respiratory frequency (RF) was found significantly lower (p<0.05), and reduction of heart rate and length of stay were observed, without statistical differences. While in the control, there was higher tendency of cortisol levels (p=0.05). Conclusions In this pilot study, RF reduced and prevented the elevation of the salivary cortisol concentration in preterm NBs receiving the SP compared with the control group.

Comparison of Clinical Significance of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Psychodynamic Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two brief psychotherapy models for major depressive disorder (MDD). This is a randomized clinical trial with 247 individuals diagnosed with MDD. Supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy (SEDP) (18 sessions) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) (16 sessions) were the two models used in this study. Participants were evaluated at baseline, during treatment, and postintervention (last session). Clinically significant changes were found in both psychotherapy models, and CBT showed higher response rates. Regarding the Beck Depression Inventory-II [F(1,120) = 4.07, p = 0.046] and Outcome Questionnaire 45.2 [F(1.114) = 7.99, p = 0.006], CBT had a better effect than SEDP. Hence, the results obtained have contributed to literature, served to corroborate the importance and effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy, as well as explored the mechanisms of change, remission, and response in the treatment of MDD, which have been ignored to a large extent.

Efeitos do passe espírita sobre a resposta hematológica e complicações de recém-nascidos hospitalizados: ensaio clínico randomizado / Effect of the spiritist ''passe'' (spiritual healing) on the hematological response and complications of hospitalized newborns: a randomized clinical Trial / Efectos del pase espírita sobre la respuesta hematológica y complicaciones de los recién nacidos internados: ensayo clínico randomizado

Objetivo: Avaliar a resposta hematológica e complicações no período de hospitalização de recém-nascidos submetidos ao passe espírita e à imposição de mãos com intenção de cura. Método: Ensaio clínico randomizado, duplo cego. 24 recém-nascidos foram aleatoriamente designados para o grupo experimental, que recebeu passe espírita durante 10 minutos, três dias consecutivos, e grupo controle que recebeu imposição de mãos com intenção de cura, de duração igual. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de hemograma antes e após as intervenções e complicações durante a internação hospitalar. Resultados: Nos recém-nascidos do grupo passe espírita houve diferenças significativamente menores na dosagem de eritrócitos totais, hemoglobina e níveis de neutrófilos, maiores nos valores totais e percentagem de linfócitos e nos escores de plaquetas (p<0,05). Referente às complicações, no controle 30,7% utilizaram antibiótico e 15,4% drogas vasoativas comparado com apenas 18,2% uso de antibióticos no grupo exposto ao passe espírita. Conclusões: Maior imunidade, baseado no aumento da contagem de linfócitos, e menor incidência de complicações no período de hospitalização foram observadas em recém-nascidos expostos ao passe espírita comparados à imposição de mãos com intenção de cura (AU).

Objective: To evaluate the hematological response and complications during hospitalization of newborns who were submitted to a Spiritist ''passe'' and laying on of hands aiming the healing. Method: Randomized clinical trial, double blind. 24 newborns were randomly. The experimental group was submitted to a Spiritist ''passe'' for three consecutive days, 10 minutes a day. The control group was submitted to a curative laying on of hands with the same duration. The results were evaluated using a complete blood count collected before and after the interventions, and detecting the number of complications during hospitalization. Results: The newborns who were submitted to Spiritist ''passe'' showed a smaller decrease of their microhematocrit, hemoglobin and neutrophils level, an increase of their total values and percentagem of lymphocyte and platelets (p<0,05). Concerning complications during hospitalization, in the control group 30,7% used antibiotics and 15,4% vasoactive drugs compared to only 18,2% of antibiotic use in the group exposed to Spiritist "passe". Conclusions: Increased immunity, based on increased lymphocyte count, and lower incidence of complications during the hospitalization period were observed in newborns exposed to Spiritist "passe" compared to imposing hands with intent to cure (AU).

Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta hematológica y las complicaciones durante la internación hospitalaria de los recién nacidos sometidos a pase espírita y la imposición de manos con intención de curar. Métodos: Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego. 24 recién nacidos fueron asignados aleatoriamente al grupo experimental, que recibió pase espírita durante 10 minutos, três días consecutivos y el grupo control que recibió la imposición de manos con la intención de curar, con la misma duración. Los resultados se evaluaron mediante hemograma antes y después de las intervenciones y complicaciones durante la internación hospitalaria. Resultados: Se encontró en el grupo experimental diferencias significativamente menores en eritrocitos totales, la hemoglobina y neutrófilos y mayores en los valores totales y en las porcentaje de linfocitos entre grupos y plaquetas (p<0,05). En el grupo control 30,7% utilizaron antibiótico y 15,4% drogas vasoactivas comparado con apenas 18,2% uso de antibióticos en el grupo expuesto al pase espírita. Conclusiones: Mayor inmunidad, basada en el aumento del recuento de linfocitos, y menor incidencia de complicaciones en el período de hospitalización fueron observadas en recién nacidos expuestos al pase espírita comparados a la imposición de manos con intención de curación (AU).

Effectiveness of Spiritist "passe" (Spiritual healing) for anxiety levels, depression, pain, muscle tension, well-being, and physiological parameters in cardiovascular inpatients: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Biofield therapies, such as laying on of hands, are used in association with Conventional Medicine as Spiritist "passe", among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate anxiety, depression, pain, muscle tension and well-being, as well as physiological parameters in cardiovascular inpatients submitted to the Spiritist "passe", sham, and no intervention. METHODS: In the total, 41 cardiovascular inpatients submitted to the Spiritist "passe", sham, and no intervention during a 10-min period on 3 consecutive days. They were evaluated through anxiety and depression level, pain, the perceptions of muscle tension and well-being and physiological parameters, before and after interventions. RESULTS: A significant reduction (p=0.001) in anxiety scores and muscle tension (p=0.011), improvement of well-being (p=0.003) and a significant increase in peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation scores (p=0.028) were observed in Spiritist "passe" patients, and a significant reduction (p=0.028) of muscle tension and improvement of well-being (p=0.045) in sham patients. However, muscle tension reduction (p=0.003) and improvement of well-being (p=0.003) were more accentuated in the Spiritist "passe" compared to sham and no intervention. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that the Spiritist "passe" appeared to be effective, reducing anxiety level and the perception of muscle tension, consequently improving peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation and the sensation of well-being compared to sham and no intervention in cardiovascular inpatients.

Expression and partial biochemical characterization of a recombinant serine protease from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom.

Snake venom serine proteases (SVSPs) are enzymes capable of interfering at several points of hemostasis. Some serine proteases present thrombin-like activity, which makes them targets for the development of therapeutics agents in the treatment of many hemostatic disorders. In this study, a recombinant thrombin-like serine protease, denominated rBpSP-II, was obtained from cDNA of the Bothrops pauloensis venom gland and was characterized enzymatically and biochemically. The enzyme rBpSP-II showed clotting activity on bovine plasma and proteolytic activity on fibrinogen, cleaving exclusively the Aα chain. The evaluation of rBpSP-II activity on chromogenic substrates demonstrated thrombin-like activity of the enzyme due to its capacity to hydrolyze the thrombin substrate. These characteristics make rBpSP-II an attractive molecule for additional studies. Further research is needed to verify whether rBpSP-II can serve as a template for the synthesis of therapeutic agents to treat hemostatic disorders.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines and psychotherapy in depression: Results from a randomized clinical trial.

Depression is a serious condition that is associated with great psychic suffering and major impairments on the patient's general health, quality of life, and social and occupational activities. In some cases, it may lead to suicide. Regardless of the innumerous research works that have already addressed depression in wide and specific facets, there is still a lot to grasp in order to effectively help preventing and treating depression. This work presents data from a randomized clinical trial that sought to evaluate the effectiveness of two brief psychotherapeutic for Depression: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Supportive-Expressive Dynamic Psychotherapy (SEDP). This was a convenience sample composed of 46 individuals that were evaluated using a structured diagnostic interview and then randomly allocated to the SEDP group. We examined baseline and post-intervention serum levels of the Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) in addition to the severity of depressive symptoms according to the Outcome Questionnaire - 45.2 (OQ-45.2) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results show that serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels, as well as the scores from the OQ-45.2 and the BDI significantly decreased after 16 sessions of SEDP (p < 0.001), except for the Interpersonal Relationship domain from the OQ-45. Despite the reduction of serum cytokines levels and OQ-45 and BDI scores, they were only significantly correlated regarding the social role domain from the OQ-45. Nonetheless, our data suggests an effective role of brief psychodynamic psychotherapy in the reduction of depressive symptoms and serum inflammatory levels that are associated with depression.

Relationship between maternal depression as a risk factor for childhood trauma and mood disorders in young adults / Relação entre depressão materna como fator de risco para trauma na infância e transtornos de humor em jovens

Background Maternal depression may be a risk factor for childhood trauma (CT), with resultant offspring development of mood disorders (MD) in adult life. Objective To verify the relationship between maternal depression (as a risk factor for childhood trauma) and mood disorders in young adults. Methods The sample was composed of 164 young adults and their mothers. Maternal depression was identified through the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Mood Disorders in the young adults were confirmed with the Structured Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID), whereas the CT was evaluated using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Results In the group of young adults with MD, individuals who had depressed mothers presented higher mean scores of CT in comparison to the ones who did not have mothers with Depression (p < 0.005). Childhood trauma was also associated with lower social classes (p < 0.005). In the group of young adults without MD, the only variable that was associated with CT was the young adult’s (not) current work (p < 0.005). Discussion Maternal depression was considered to be a risk factor for CT and MD in young adults. Thus, preventing and treating maternal psychiatric disorders may diminish the risk of offspring childhood trauma, and, consequently, avoid negative effects in the offspring’s adult life.

Contexto Depressão materna pode ser um fator de risco para trauma na infância (TI), com consequente desenvolvimento de transtornos de humor (TH) em seus filhos na vida adulta. Objetivo Verificar a relação entre depressão materna (como fator de risco para TI) e TH em jovens. Métodos A amostra foi composta de 164 jovens adultos e suas mães. A depressão materna foi identificada por meio do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.). Transtornos de humor nos jovens foram confirmados pela entrevista estruturada para o DSM-IV (SCID), enquanto o TI foi avaliado pelo Questionário de Trauma na Infância (CTQ). Resultados No grupo de jovens com TH, indivíduos que tiveram mães deprimidas apresentaram escores médios de TI mais altos em comparação aos que não tinham mães com depressão (p < 0,05). Trauma na infância também esteve associado com classes sociais desfavorecidas (p < 0,05). No grupo de jovens sem TH, a única variável associada ao TI foi o (não) trabalho do jovem (p < 0,05). Conclusões A depressão materna foi considerada fator de risco para TI e TH nos jovens. Portanto, prevenir e tratar transtornos psiquiátricos maternos pode diminuir o risco de trauma infantil no filho e, por consequência, evitar efeitos negativos na vida adulta da prole.

Childhood trauma and suicide risk in a sample of young individuals aged 14-35 years in southern Brazil.

Suicide is among the main causes of death of people aged between 15 and 44 years old. Childhood trauma is an important risk factor for suicide. Hence, the objective of this study was to verify the relationship between childhood trauma and current suicide risk (suicidal behavior and ideation) in individuals aged 14-35 years, in the city of Pelotas, Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study. Sample selection was performed by clusters. Suicide risk was evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and Childhood trauma was assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Moreover, the participants responded to a questionnaire concerning socioeconomic status, work, and substance use. The sample was composed of 1,380 individuals. The prevalence of suicide risk was 11.5%. The prevalence figures of childhood trauma were 15.2% (emotional neglect), 13.5% (physical neglect), 7.6% (sexual abuse), 10.1% (physical abuse), and 13.8% (emotional abuse). Suicide risk was associated (p<.001) with gender, work, alcohol abuse, tobacco use, and all types of childhood trauma. The odds of suicide risk were higher in women (OR=1.8), people who were not currently working (OR=2.3), individuals who presented alcohol abuse (OR=2.6), and among tobacco smokers (OR=3.4). Moreover, suicide risk was increased in all types of trauma: emotional neglect (OR=3.7), physical neglect (OR=2.8), sexual abuse (OR=3.4), physical abuse (OR=3.1), and emotional abuse (OR=6.6). Thus, preventing early trauma may reduce suicide risk in young individuals.

Burden and related factors in caregivers of young adults presenting bipolar and unipolar mood disorder.

BACKGROUND: Caregiver burden has been associated with caregivers' mental disorders and need for support and information. However, the lack of quantitative studies and formal interventions aiming to lower burden levels in this population reflect the current negligence regarding this important issue. AIM: To identify burden levels and associated factors in caregivers of young adults with bipolar and unipolar mood disorder. METHOD: This is a cross-sectional study nested within a population-based cross-sectional study with young adults. Caregiver burden was assessed through the Burden Interview. Information about caregiver mental disorders (Axis I) and alcohol abuse were obtained through the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the Cut-Down, Annoyed, Guilty and Eye-Opener (CAGE) questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS: Caregiver burden was associated to caregiver's mood and anxiety disorders, suicide risk and being the caregiver of young adults with depression disorder and bipolar disorder. Also, burden was higher among caregivers of bipolar individuals. When excluding the control group from the analysis, only mood and anxiety disorders remained associated to caregiver burden. CONCLUSIONS: Caregivers are affected by the young adult's disorder even before a diagnosis has been given, with serious impairments in their lives. Thus, this is a subject in need of designing relevant strategies aiming to provide them with care.

Efeitos da imersão em gelo na força de preensão palmar em adultos jovens / Effects of cold immersion on hand grip in adults

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da imersão em gelo por 30 segundos na força de preensão palmar (FPP) em acadêmicos do curso de fisioterapia. Método: Foi realizado um estudo transversal e a amostra foi por conveniência realizada com 30 sujeitos adultos, sendo 15 homens e 15 mulheres, onde foi avaliada a FPP por meio de um dinamômetro em três momentos distintos: pré-imersão, imediatamente após a imersão e uma hora após a imersão em gelo. A imersão foi feita em um balde com capacidade de 30 litros, com temperatura controlada de até 5o C, sendo o membro superior imerso até a linha interarticular de cotovelo por 20 segundos. Resultados: Observou-se alterações altamente significativas entre a pré imersão e imediatamente após a imersão em gelo em ambos os grupos, masculino e feminino (p < 0,01) e, mesmo após uma hora, ainda observou-se diferenças significativas na FPP. Conclusão: A imersão em gelo durante 30 segundos a uma temperatura de até 5 oC diminuiu de forma significativa a FPP.

Objective: Evaluate the effects of immersion in ice for 30 seconds in grip strength (GS) in adults. Method: We performed a cross-sectional study and the sample was held for convenience with 30 adult subjects, 15 men and 15 women, where the GS was assessed by a dynamometer in three distinct stages: pre-immersion, immediately after immersion and a hour after immersion in ice. The immersion was done in a bucket with a capacity of 30 liters, with controlled temperature up to 5o C, being immersed in the upper limb to the elbow interarticular line for 20 seconds. Results: There was a highly significant changes between the pre and immediately plunge into ice after immersion in both groups, male and female (p < 0,01) and even after an hour, it was still observed significant differences in GS. Conclusion: immersion in ice for 20 seconds at a temperature of 5 oC decreased significantly the GS.

Sociodemographic risk factors of perinatal depression: a cohort study in the public health care system.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sociodemographic risk factors for the prevalence and incidence of relevant postpartum depressive symptoms. METHOD: We studied a cohort of women in their perinatal period with the assistance of the public health system in the city of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. We assessed depressive symptoms with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in the prenatal and postnatal periods. RESULTS We interviewed 1,109 women. The prevalence of meaningful depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 20.5% and postpartum was 16.5%. Women with prenatal depression were at higher risk for postpartum depression. CONCLUSION: The mother's poverty level, psychiatric history, partner absence and stressful life events should be considered important risk factors for relevant postpartum depressive symptoms.

Sociodemographic risk factors of perinatal depression: a cohort study in the public health care system / Fatores sociodemográficos de risco de depressão perinatal: um estudo populacional no sistema público de cuidados de saúde

OBJECTIVE: To assess the sociodemographic risk factors for the prevalence and incidence of relevant postpartum depressive symptoms. METHOD: We studied a cohort of women in their perinatal period with the assistance of the public health system in the city of Pelotas-RS, Brazil. We assessed depressive symptoms with the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) in the prenatal and postnatal periods. RESULTS We interviewed 1,109 women. The prevalence of meaningful depressive symptoms during pregnancy was 20.5% and postpartum was 16.5%. Women with prenatal depression were at higher risk for postpartum depression. CONCLUSION: The mother's poverty level, psychiatric history, partner absence and stressful life events should be considered important risk factors for relevant postpartum depressive symptoms.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores sociodemográficos de risco quanto à prevalência e à incidência de sintomas depressivos pós-parto relevantes. MÉTODO: Estudou-se um grupo de mulheres em seu período perinatal sendo assistidas pelo sistema público de saúde na cidade de Pelotas, RS, Brasil. Foram avaliados os sintomas depressivos com o uso da Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EDPS) nos períodos pré-natal e pós-natal. RESULTADOS: Foram entrevistadas 1.019 mulheres. A prevalência de sintomas depressivos significativos durante a gravidez foi de 20,5% e no período pós-parto de 16,5%. As mulheres com depressão pré-natal apresentaram um risco maior de depressão pós-parto. CONCLUSÃO: O nível de pobreza, a história psiquiátrica, a ausência do parceiro e eventos vitais estressantes devem ser considerados fatores de risco importantes para sintomas depressivos pós-parto relevantes.